July 1 - Events

Events

• 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian asEmperor.
• 251 – Battle of Abrittus: The Goths defeat emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus on swampy ground in the Dobrudja (Moesia).
• 1097 – Battle of Dorylaeum: Crusaders led by Prince Bohemond of Taranto defeat a Seljuk army led by SultanKilij Arslan I.
• 1520 – La Noche Triste: a joint Mexican Indian force led by the Aztec ruler Cuitláhuac defeat SpanishConquistadores led by Hernán Cortés.
• 1569 – Union of Lublin: the Kingdom of Poland and the Great Duchy of Lithuania confirm a real union; the united country is called the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth or the Republic of Both Nations.
• 1690 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of the Boyne (as reckoned under the Julian calendar).
• 1770 – Lexell's Comet passed closer to the Earth than any other comet in recorded history, approaching to a distance of 0.0146 a.u.
• 1782 – American privateers attack Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
• 1837 – A system of the civil registration of births, marriages and deaths is established in England and Wales.
• 1855 – Signing of the Quinault Treaty: the Quinault and the Quileute cede their land to the United States.
• 1858 – Joint reading of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace's papers on evolution to the Linnean Society.
• 1862 – The Russian State Library is founded.
• 1862 – American Civil War: the Battle of Malvern Hill takes place. It is the final battle in the Seven Days Campaign, part of the George B. McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.
• 1863 – Keti Koti (Emancipation Day) in Suriname, marking the abolition of slavery by the Netherlands.
• 1863 – American Civil War: the Battle of Gettysburg begins.
• 1867 – The British North America Act of 1867 takes effect as the Constitution of Canada, creating the Canadian Confederation and thefederal dominion of Canada; Sir John A. Macdonald is sworn in as the first Prime Minister of Canada.
• 1870 – The United States Department of Justice formally comes into existence.
• 1873 – Prince Edward Island joins the Canadian Confederation.
• 1878 – Canada joins the Universal Postal Union.
• 1879 – Charles Taze Russell publishes the first edition of the religious magazine The Watchtower.
• 1881 – The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
• 1881 – General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army, comes into effect.
• 1885 – The United States terminates reciprocity and fishery agreement with Canada.
• 1890 – Canada and Bermuda are linked by telegraph cable.
• 1892 – The Homestead Strike, a strike by the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers against the Carnegie Steel Company, begins.
• 1898 – Spanish-American War: the Battle of San Juan Hill is fought in Santiago de Cuba.
• 1908 – SOS is adopted as the international distress signal.
• 1915 – Lieutenant Kurt Wintgens achieves the first known aerial victory with a synchronized gun-equipped fighter plane, the Fokker M.5K/MG Eindecker.
• 1916 – World War I: First day on the Somme – On the first day of the Battle of the Somme 19,000 soldiers of the British Army are killed and 40,000 wounded.
• 1921 – The Communist Party of China is founded.
• 1923 – The Canadian Parliament suspends all Chinese immigration.
• 1931 – United Airlines begins service (as Boeing Air Transport).
• 1935 – Regina, Saskatchewan police and Royal Canadian Mounted Police ambush strikers participating in On-to-Ottawa-Trek.
• 1935 – Grant Park Music Festival begins its tradition of free summer symphonic music concert series in Chicago's Grant Park, which continues as the United States' only annual free outdoor classical music concert series.
• 1942 – World War II: first Battle of El Alamein.
• 1942 – The Australian Federal Government becomes the sole collector of Income Tax in Australia as the State Income Tax is abolished.
• 1943 – Tokyo City merges with Tokyo Prefecture and is dissolved. Since then, no city in Japan has had the name "Tokyo" (present-day Tokyo is not officially a city).
• 1947 – The Philippine Air Force is established.
• 1948 – Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Quaid-i-Azam) inaugurates Pakistan's central bank, the State Bank of Pakistan.
• 1949 – The merger of two princely states of India, Cochin and Travancore, into the state of Thiru-Kochi (later re-organized as Kerala) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the Cochin Royal Family.
• 1957 – The International Geophysical Year begins.
• 1958 – The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation links television broadcasting across Canada via microwave.
• 1958 – Flooding of Canada's St. Lawrence Seaway begins.
• 1959 – The Party of the African Federation holds its constitutive conference.
• 1959 – Specific values for the international yard, avoirdupois pound and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and ounce) are adopted after agreement between the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries.
• 1960 – Independence of Somalia.
• 1960 – Ghana becomes a Republic and Kwame Nkrumah becomes its first President as Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom ceases to be its Head of state.
• 1962 – Independence of Rwanda.
• 1962 – Independence of Burundi.
• 1963 – ZIP Codes are introduced for United States mail.
• 1963 – The British Government admits that former diplomat Kim Philby had worked as a Soviet agent.
• 1966 – The first color television transmission in Canada takes place from Toronto.
• 1967 – The European Community is formally created out of a merger with the Common Market, the European Coal and Steel Community, and the European Atomic Energy Commission.
• 1967 – Canada celebrates the 100th anniversary of the British North America Act, 1867, which officially made Canada its own federal dominion.
• 1968 – The CIA's Phoenix Program is officially established.
• 1968 – The Nuclear non-proliferation treaty is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.
• 1968 – Formal separation of the United Auto Workers from the AFL-CIO.
• 1970 – President General Yahya Khan abolishes One-Unit of West Pakistan restoring the provinces.
• 1972 – The first Gay Pride march in England takes place.
• 1976 – Portugal grants autonomy to Madeira.
• 1978 – The Northern Territory in Australia is granted Self-Government.
• 1979 – Sony introduces the Walkman.
• 1980 – O Canada officially becomes the national anthem of Canada.
• 1981 – The Wonderland Murders occurred in the early morning hours, allegedly masterminded by businessman and drug dealer Eddie Nash.
• 1983 – A North Korean Ilyushin Il-62M jet en route to Conakry Airport in Guinea crashes into the Fouta Djallon mountains in Guinea-Bissau, killing all 23 people on board.
• 1984 – The PG-13 rating is introduced by the MPAA.
• 1987 – The American radio station WFAN in New York City is launched as the world's first all-sports radio station.
• 1990 – German re-unification: East Germany accepts the Deutsche Mark as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.
• 1991 – The Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved at a meeting in Prague.
• 1997 – The People's Republic of China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British colonial rule.
• 1999 – The Scottish Parliament is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth on the day that legislative powers are officially transferred from the old Scottish Office in London to the new devolved Scottish Executive in Edinburgh.
• 2000 – The Oresund Bridge, connecting Sweden and Denmark, opens for traffic.
• 2002 – The International Criminal Court is established to prosecute individuals for genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and thecrime of aggression.
• 2002 – A Bashkirian Airlines (flight 2937) Tupolev TU-154 and a DHL (German cargo) Boeing 757 collide in mid-air over Ueberlingen,southern Germany, killing 71.
• 2003 – Over 500,000 people protested against efforts to pass anti-sedition legislation in Hong Kong.
• 2004 – Saturn orbit insertion of Cassini-Huygens begins at 01:12 UTC and ends at 02:48 UTC.
• 2006 – The first operation of Qinghai-Tibet Railway in the People's Republic of China.
• 2007 – Smoking in England is banned in all public indoor spaces.
• 2008 – Rioting erupted in Mongolia in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.
• 2009 – Croatian Prime Minister Ivo Sanader resigns giving no specific reason. Jadranka Kosor is announced as the next Prime Minister, the first woman ever to hold the post.